GENERAL

Fact Sheets

What are African-American’s HIV prevention needs?

Center for AIDS Prevention Studies, University of California, San Francisco (CAPS, UCSF), September 1999
http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/pubs/FS/afamrev.php

Black Americans and HIV/AIDS

Kaiser Family Foundation Fact Sheet, last updated: October2008
http://www.kff.org/hivaids/6089.cfm

African Americans and HIV/AIDS

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, revised June 2007
http://www.hhs.gov/aidsawarenessdays/factsheets/docs/aa_fact_sheet.pdf

Reports

Behavioral Risk and HIV Service Needs of At-Risk African Americans in Five California Regions

http://www.oneloveca.org/OneLove/_files/file/Report-on-Cal-Afr-Amer-Risk-Serv-Needs-FINAL.pdf

Principal Investigator: Willy Wilkinson, MPH
One Love: African American HIV Prevention Capacity Building Project
Wright K, Patterson-Gatson M.

Making Change Real. The State of AIDS In Black America 2009

A report from the Black AIDS Institute. February 2009. http://www.blackaids.org/image_uploads/article_664/.pdf
Wilson P, Wright K, and Isbell M. Left Behind.

Black America: A Neglected Priority in the Global AIDS Epidemic

A report from the Black AIDS Institute. August 2008
http://www.blackaids.org/image_uploads/article_575/08_left_behind.pdf
Gerald G and Wright K.

The State of AIDS in 2008…and what we’re doing about it

A report from the Black AIDS Institute. February 2008http://www.blackaids.org/image_uploads/article_538/08%20saving.pdf
Gerald G and Wright K.

We’re the ones we’ve been waiting for: The state of AIDS in black America…and what we’re doing about it

A report from the Black AIDS Institute. Sep. 2007
http://www.blackaids.org/ShowArticle.aspx?pagename=ShowArticle&articletype=RESOURCE&articleid=382&pagenumber=1
Fullilove, RE (Columbia University, Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY).

African Americans, Health Disparities and HIV/AIDS: Recommendations for Confronting the Epidemic in Black America.

A report from the National Minority AIDS Council. Nov. 2006http://www.nmac.org/Public_Policy/4616.cfm

Articles and Presentations

HIV/AIDS and the African-American community; a state of emergency

Laurencin CT, Christensen DM, Taylor ED.
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA. laurencin@virginia.edu
J Natl Med Assoc. 2008 Jan;100(1):35-43
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18277806?ordinalpos=9&itool=Email.EmailReport.Pubmed_ReportSelector.Pubmed

HIV and AIDS disproportionately affect African Americans more than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States. Representing only 13% of the U.S. population, African-American adults and adolescents comprise more than half of all HIV/AIDS cases reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The present incidence and prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the black community in the United States is of crisis proportions. The situation as it stands today is tantamount to a state of emergency for African Americans.
PMID: 18277806 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]

The Efficacy Of Behavioral Interventions In Reducing HIV Risk Behaviors And Incident Sexually Transmitted Diseases In Heterosexual African Americans

AIDS. 2008 Jun 19;22(10):1177-94.
Darbes L, Crepaz N, Lyles C, Kennedy G, Rutherford G.
Center for AIDS Prevention Studies and Global Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94105, USA. lynae.darbes@ucsf.edu
http://pub.ucsf.edu/today/cache/feature/200807011.html
http://www.caps.ucsf.edu/pubs/presentations/pdf/darbes.pdf
A meta-analytic review of HIV interventions for heterosexual African Americans was conducted to determine the overall efficacy in reducing HIV-risk sex behaviors and incident sexually transmitted diseases and identify intervention characteristics associated with efficacy. Methods included comprehensive searches of electronic databases from 1988 to 2005, hand searches of journals, reference lists of articles, and contacts with researchers. Intervention characteristics associated with efficacy include cultural tailoring, aiming to influence social norms in promoting safe sex behavior, utilizing peer education, providing skills training on correct use of condoms and communication skills needed for negotiating safer sex, and multiple sessions and opportunities to practice learned skills. Interventions targeting heterosexual African Americans are efficacious in reducing HIV-risk sex behaviors.

Concurrent Partnerships and HIV Prevalence Disparities by Race: Linking Science and Public Health Practice

Martina Morris 1*, Ann E. Kurth 1, Deven T. Hamilton 1, James Moody 2, Steve Wakefield 3
AJPH published April 16, 2009, 10.2105/AJPH.2008.147835 [Abstract] [PDF] morrism@u.washington.edu
Abstract
Concurrent sexual partnerships may help to explain the disproportionately high prevalence of HIV and other sexually transmitted infections among African Americans. The persistence of such disparities would also require strong assortative mixing by race. We examined descriptive evidence from 4 nationally representative US surveys and found consistent support for both elements of this hypothesis. Using a data-driven network simulation model, we found that the levels of concurrency and assortative mixing observed produced a 2.6-fold racial disparity in the epidemic potential among young African American adults.

Systematic Review of HIV Behavioral Prevention Research in African Americans
By Lynae A. Darbes, PhD, University of California San Francisco; Gail E. Kennedy, MPH, University of California San Francisco; Greet Peersman, PhD, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; Lev Zohrabyan, MD, MPH, Emory University; and George W. Rutherford, MD, University of California San Francisco
This systematic review was commissioned by the Surgeon General’s Leadership Campaign on AIDS and was completed in collaboration by the University of California, San Francisco AIDS Research Institute and the Cochrane Collaborative Review Group on HIV/AIDS. Supported by a grant from the Leadership Conference on AIDS and the Office of Minority Health, Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. View a 2-page summary of this review.(PDF file, 68K) March 2002

Be Safe: A Cultural Competency Model for African-Americans with HIV/AIDS

From the National Minority AIDS Education and Training Center
http://www.nmaetc.org/media/pdf/Be-Safe-African-American.pdf
The NMAETC realizes that HIV/AIDS increasingly and disproportionately affects people of color, especially African Americans. This underscores the need for cultural competence among health care professionals who treat minority patients.

Gender-Specific Interventions for Women and Their Male Partners

Grant Title: HIV/STD Risk Reduction for African American Couples
Principal Investigator: Nabila El-Bassel, D.S.W. (Columbia University School of Social Work), Co-Investigator: Robert Remien, Ph.D.
http://www.hivcenternyc.org/research/gender/aacoupleriskreduction.htm
This multisite project is testing the efficacy of a contextually appropriate intervention to reduce the risk of sexually transmitted diseases among African American HIV serodiscordant heterosexual couples. This is a collaborative effort by four Principal Investigators (Drs. El-Bassel in New York, John Jemmott in Philadelphia, Gina Wingood in Atlanta, and Gail Wyatt in Los Angeles) using a common protocol to implement a randomized controlled trial. HIV Center for Clinical and Behavioral Studies

HIV/AIDS Conspiracy Beliefs and Condom Use in African Americans

By M. Keith Rawlings, MD
http://aids-clinical-care.jwatch.org/cgi/content/full/2005/0301/6
Data from a cross-sectional survey of African Americans reveal HIV/AIDS conspiracy beliefs as a potential barrier to condom use. March 1, 2005 J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2005 Feb 1; 38:213-8

HIV/AIDS Surveillance by Race/Ethnicity (Updated through 2005)

http://www.cdc.gov/hiv/topics/surveillance/resources/slides/race-ethnicity/index.htm
Slide set from the Divisions of HIV/AIDS Prevention of the National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention

Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in HIV-Infected Adults and Adolescents

http://www.womenchildrenhiv.org/wchiv?page=wx-resource&root=typ&cat=02&subcat=prgd&rid=556-8270
These guidelines outline current understanding of how clinicians should use antiretroviral drugs to treat adults and adolescents with HIV infection. The primary areas covered are when to initiate therapy, which drug combinations are preferred and which drugs or combinations should be avoided, and means to continue clinical benefit in the face of antiretroviral drug resistance. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. January 29, 2008.

National Standards for Culturally and Linguistically Appropriate Services in Health Care

2001 final report from the Office of Minority Health
http://www.omhrc.gov/templates/browse.aspx?lvl=2&lvlID=15
The CLAS standards are primarily directed at health care organizations; however, individual providers are also encouraged to use the standards to make their practices more culturally and linguistically accessible. The principles and activities of culturally and linguistically appropriate services should be integrated throughout an organization and undertaken in partnership with the communities being served.

Southern HIV/AIDS Prevention Initiative “Unmet Needs in HIV Care”

(Presented to the Pfizer Foundation 2006 Conference PowerPoint.)
By M. Keith Rawlings, MD. Medical Director, Peabody Health Center. AIDS Arms, Inc. http://hivaidsphilanthropy.pfizer.com/2006_conference/unmet-1.pdf

GRACE: A Study to Compare the Effectiveness, Safety and Tolerability of PREZISTA (Darunavir)/Ritonavir by Gender and Race When Administered With Other Antiretroviral Medications in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Positive Women and Men.

http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT00381303
The purpose of this study is to evaluate any differences in the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of PREZISTA (darunavir) 600 mg, administered with ritonavir 100 mg twice a day on virologic response (defined as a viral load of < 50 copies/mL) over a 48-week treatment period in HIV-positive women and men. Additional antiretroviral agents will also be administered and will be chosen by the Investigator based on resistance testing and prior treatment history (referred to as the Optimized Background Regimen (OBR)).

The Effectiveness of HIV Partner Counseling and Referral Services in Increasing Identification of HIV-Positive Individuals: A Systematic Review

By Matthew Hogben, Tarra McNally, Melissa McPheeters, Angela B. Hutchinson, Task Force on Community Preventive Services
http://www.ajpm-online.net/article/PIIS0749379707002401/abstract
Partner counseling and referral services (PCRS) are part of the spectrum of care for HIV-positive people and their sexual or needle-sharing partners. Referral includes notifying partners of exposure, after which they are (ideally) tested and receive prevention or risk reduction counseling or enter into care (if they test positive). Using The Guide to Community Preventive Services’s methods for systematic reviews, the effectiveness of PCRS was evaluated, including partner notification, in identifying a population at high risk of HIV infection and in increasing testing in those populations. American Journal of Preventive Medicine August 2007 (Vol. 33, Issue 2, Pages S89-S100)

Partner Notification: A Promising Approach to Addressing the HIV/AIDS Racial Disparity in the United States

By Patricia Kissinger, David Malebranche
http://www.thecommunityguide.org/sex/PCRS_Kissinger_commentary.pdf
From a public health perspective, the success of partner counseling and referral services (PCRS) rests on the assumption that the sexual partners of HIV-positive individuals who undergo HIV testing and counseling will subsequently change their behavior, thereby reducing the spread of the epidemic. American Journal of Preventive Medicine- 2007 August (Vol. 33, Issue 2, Pages S86-S87, DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2007.04.019)

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